Fermions in 2D Optical Lattices: Temperature and Entropy Scales for Observing Antiferromagnetism and Superfluidity

One of the major challenges in realizing antiferromagnetic and superfluid phases in optical lattices is the ability to cool fermions. We determine constraints on the entropy for observing these phases in two-dimensional Hubbard models using determinantal quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We find that an entropy per particle similar or equal to ln2 is sufficient to observe the insulating gap in the repulsive Hubbard model at half-filling, or the pairing pseudogap in the attractive case. Observing antiferromagnetic correlations or superfluidity in 2D systems requires a further reduction in entropy by a factor of 3 or more. In contrast with higher dimensions, we find that adiabatic cooling is not useful to achieve the required low temperatures. We also show that double-occupancy measurements are useful for thermometry for temperatures greater than the nearest-neighbor hopping energy.