The practice of surgery in Islamic lands: Myth and reality

This paper analyses evidence for the practice of surgery, as opposed to its theory, in the Islamic Middle East at the end of the first millennium. The inclusion in formal Arabic medical treatises of complex or invasive surgical procedures is compared with the lack of evidence for their actual performance, as well as with statements to the effect that such techniques were unknown at that time or should be avoided. Areas in which there is greater evidence of the practice of surgery-such as the removal of superficial growths and the treatment of eye diseases-are also discussed. In particular, the paper focuses upon treatises by 'Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (known to Europeans as Albucasis), Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya' al-Razi (Rhazes), 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), and Ibn Sina (Avicenna).