Mental Health of Transgender Children Who Are Supported in Their Identities
被引:599
作者:
Olson, Kristina R.
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Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Olson, Kristina R.
[1
]
Durwood, Lily
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Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Durwood, Lily
[1
]
DeMeules, Madeleine
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Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
DeMeules, Madeleine
[1
]
McLaughlin, Katie A.
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Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
McLaughlin, Katie A.
[1
]
机构:
[1] Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Guthrie Hall 119A,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
OBJECTIVE: Transgender children who have socially transitioned, that is, who identify as the gender "opposite" their natal sex and are supported to live openly as that gender, are increasingly visible in society, yet we know nothing about their mental health. Previous work with children with gender identity disorder (GID; now termed gender dysphoria) has found remarkably high rates of anxiety and depression in these children. Here we examine, for the first time, mental health in a sample of socially transitioned transgender children. METHODS: A community-based national sample of transgender, prepubescent children (n = 73, aged 3-12 years), along with control groups of nontransgender children in the same age range (n = 73 age-and gender-matched community controls; n = 49 sibling of transgender participants), were recruited as part of the TransYouth Project. Parents completed anxiety and depression measures. RESULTS: Transgender children showed no elevations in depression and slightly elevated anxiety relative to population averages. They did not differ from the control groups on depression symptoms and had only marginally higher anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Socially transitioned transgender children who are supported in their gender identity have developmentally normative levels of depression and only minimal elevations in anxiety, suggesting that psychopathology is not inevitable within this group. Especially striking is the comparison with reports of children with GID; socially transitioned transgender children have notably lower rates of internalizing psychopathology than previously reported among children with GID living as their natal sex.
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Arseneault, Louise
Milne, Barry J.
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Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Milne, Barry J.
Taylor, Alan
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Taylor, Alan
Adams, Felicity
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Adams, Felicity
Delgado, Kira
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Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Delgado, Kira
Caspi, Avshalom
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USAKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Caspi, Avshalom
Moffitt, Terrie E.
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机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USAKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
机构:
Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Bauer, Greta R.
Scheim, Ayden I.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Scheim, Ayden I.
Pyne, Jake
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h-index: 0
机构:
McMaster Univ, Sch Social Work, Hamilton, ON, Canada
McMaster Univ, Gender Studies & Feminist Res Program, Hamilton, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Pyne, Jake
Travers, Robb
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Hlth Sci Program, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Psychol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Travers, Robb
Hammond, Rebecca
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机构:
Sherbourne Hlth Ctr, Toronto, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Bockting, Walter O.
Miner, Michael H.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Miner, Michael H.
Romine, Rebecca E. Swinburne
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Romine, Rebecca E. Swinburne
Hamilton, Autumn
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机构:
Minnesota State Univ, Coll Allied Hlth & Nursing, Dept Hlth Sci, Mankato, MN USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Hamilton, Autumn
Coleman, Eli
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Arseneault, Louise
Milne, Barry J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Milne, Barry J.
Taylor, Alan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Taylor, Alan
Adams, Felicity
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Adams, Felicity
Delgado, Kira
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, EnglandKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Delgado, Kira
Caspi, Avshalom
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USAKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Caspi, Avshalom
Moffitt, Terrie E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USAKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Med Res Council Soc, Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England
机构:
Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Bauer, Greta R.
Scheim, Ayden I.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Scheim, Ayden I.
Pyne, Jake
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
McMaster Univ, Sch Social Work, Hamilton, ON, Canada
McMaster Univ, Gender Studies & Feminist Res Program, Hamilton, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Pyne, Jake
Travers, Robb
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Hlth Sci Program, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Psychol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
Travers, Robb
Hammond, Rebecca
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sherbourne Hlth Ctr, Toronto, ON, CanadaUniv Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Epidemiol & Biostat, London, ON, Canada
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Bockting, Walter O.
Miner, Michael H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Miner, Michael H.
Romine, Rebecca E. Swinburne
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Romine, Rebecca E. Swinburne
Hamilton, Autumn
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Minnesota State Univ, Coll Allied Hlth & Nursing, Dept Hlth Sci, Mankato, MN USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Hamilton, Autumn
Coleman, Eli
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USAUniv Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Program Human Sexual, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA