Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Does lockdown affect the incidence and clinical status of patients

Background. Currently, the only effective method to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is social distancing. The lockdown measures during the epidemic may have an impact on the presentation of diabetes and may disturb metabolic control. Objectives. In order to address the hypothesis that the COVID-19 lockdown affected the incidence rate (IR) of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the pediatric population of Lower Silesia and the patients' clinical status, the incidence of T1D during the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed. Material and methods. Incidence estimates were obtained from the T1D pediatric registry for Lower Silesia which has been maintained since January 1, 2000. The observation was completed on April 30, 2020. Results. A total of 1961 cases were diagnosed (1054 boys, 53.72%). An increase in the T1D IR was observed, from 10.43/100,000/year in 2000 to 22.06/100,000/year in 2019. The seasonality of T1D incidence was also observed, with the highest IR appearing in January and February. There were half as many cases of T1D in March and April 2020 as in the same months in 2019 (p > 0.05). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurred in 31.75% of patients in years 2000-2019, comparably (p > 0.05) to 2020 (36.67% patients), including March and April (50% of patients). The duration of hyperglycemia symptoms was 20.2 +/- 25.4 days, which was comparable to 2020 (13.1 +/- 10.96 days; p = 0.1675) and March and April of 2020 (9.67 +/- 5.63 days; p = 0.0831). Glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) level was 11.79 +/- 2.63%, which was comparable to March and April of 2020 (13.06 +/- 2.35%; p = 0.1171), while in all of 2020 it was 13.41 +/- 2.50% (p = 0.0003). Conclusions. The IR of T1D in Lower Silesian children in the months of the COVID-19 pandemic was comparable to previous years, while their clinical condition at the time of diagnosis was worse than in previous years.