Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students' motivational experiences through unique pathways? Distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation

Objectives: Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examined the mediating role of students' experiences of need satisfaction and need frustration in associations between perceived teaching style and students' motivation and oppositional defiance in the context of physical education. Specifically, we tested an integrated model including both a 'bright' path from perceived autonomy-supportive teaching through need satisfaction toward autonomous motivation and a 'dark' pathway from perceived controlling teaching through need frustration toward controlled motivation, amotivation, and oppositional defiance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: To investigate the proposed paths structural equation modeling was used in a sample of 499 secondary school students (44% boys, M-age = 15.77 +/- 1.16). Results: We found that perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching, as well as need satisfaction and need frustration, constitute different constructs relating distinctively to motivational outcomes. Consistent with the notion of a bright and dark path, perceived autonomy support was related primarily to autonomous motivation, with need satisfaction mediating this association, whereas perceived controlling teaching was related primarily to controlled motivation and amotivation, through need frustration. Perceived controlling teaching also displayed a direct and unique relationship with oppositional defiance. Conclusions: To more accurately capture the detrimental effects of controlling teaching, this teaching dimension along with its consequences in terms of need frustration and motivational outcomes needs to be studied in its own right. It is also discussed that effective teacher training may raise awareness among teachers about the motivational risks associated with controlling practices. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.