Integrated Land Use and Urban Function Impacts on Land Surface Temperature: Implications on Urban Heat Mitigation in Berlin with Eight-Type Spaces

The planning for cooling cities is crucial for sustainable development under the influence of climate change. However, urban warming mitigation across human-natural systems is scarce. This research aims at characterizing land surface temperature with the integration of land uses and land function with the eight-type spaces, including human systems (H1 residential area, H2 commercial area, H3 public service, H4 open space) and natural systems (N5 natural green, N6 farmland, N7 brownfield, N8 water). We seasonally investigated the LST, its correlation with three indices of spatial components. From the results, NDVI had more impact on LST than NDBI in H1, H3, H4, N6, N7, and N8; while NDBI had more influence than NDVI in H2 and N5; The area of Hot and Very hot classes in human systems is higher than in natural systems. It reveals that mitigating temperature across different urban land use types requires different management of green, grey, and blue infrastructures. The eight-type spaces could explain there are different NDVI and NDBI influences on urban temperature. More attention on urban planning is needed on human systems though increasing building height and combining grey infrastructures with green infrastructures and natural systems requiring decreasing impervious spaces for cooling cities.