Spin stiffness of chromium-based van der Waals ferromagnets

Low temperature magnetization of CrI3, CrSiTe3 and CrGeTe3 single crystals were systematically studied. Based on the temperature dependence of extrapolated spontaneous magnetization from magnetic isotherms measured at different temperatures, the spin stiffness constant (D) and spin excitation gap (Delta) were extracted according to Bloch's law. For spin stiffness, D is estimated to be 27 +/- 6 meV angstrom(2), 20 +/- 3 meV angstrom(2) and 38 +/- 7 meV angstrom(2) for CrI3, CrSiTe3 and CrGeTe3 respectively. Spin excitation gaps determined via Bloch's formulation have larger error bars yielding 0.59 +/- 0.34 meV (CrI3), 0.37 +/- 0.22 meV (CrSiTe3) and 0.28 +/- 0.19 meV (CrGeTe3). Among all three studied compounds, larger spin stiffness value leads to higher ferromagnetic transition temperature.