Structure, growth and CaCO3 production in a shallow rhodolith bed from a highly energetic siliciclastic-carbonate coast in the equatorial SW Atlantic Ocean

Rhodolith growth and CaCO3 production remain poorly quantified along the SW Atlantic Ocean, and it is difficult to relate the available measurements with biomass estimates. Suboptimal conditions may clarify how harsh environments influence nodule growth and abundance, elucidating their relationship. Off the energetic South American equatorial coast a rhodolith bed (similar to 65 km(2)), formed mainly by Mesophyllum sp. and Lithophyllum sp., alters the regional sedimentary pattern and sustains a diverse biota. Its nodules present fast growth rates (2.8 mm year 1), but small biomasses (18 nodules.m(-2) covering 26 +/- 3% of the substrate), resulting in a CaCO3 production of 163.33 g m-(2).year(-1). Despite the small biomass, the bed seems stable, with living and dead nodules both on and inside the substrate. And the suboptimal environment apparently affects growth and abundance independently. Therefore, fast growth rates and relevant structural roles are not necessarily associated with dense rhodolith assemblages, and ecological assessments of rhodolith beds should consider the dynamics of both individual nodules and the whole population.