Demand response programs in power systems with energy storage system-coordinated wind energy sources: A security-constrained problem

This study seeks to provide a secure operation for wind-integrated transmission networks by proposing a computationally efficient daily DC security-constrained optimal power flow model. The proposed model determines the active power initial set-points of the energy resources. Moreover, energy storage systems and demand response programs are contributed to the system to yield a flexible model. In this regard, a practical formulation for the energy storage system is included in the proposed model to cope with the undesired output power fluctuations of wind energy sources. To assure the scalability of the proposed model, a contingency filtering scheme is developed to filter the unnecessary contingencies from the optimization process for reducing the computational burden and solution time. Furthermore, the side-effects of wind energy fluctuations and the component outages are techno-economically explored and measured. The measures are the operational cost of the transmission network, the number of critical contingencies, peak-to-valley ratio, and load shedding. The numerical simulations on the New England 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus testbeds confirm the proper performance and good scalability of the proposed model. A priority list of the time-based demand response programs is also presented in each case of the study. The added value of the demand response programs on the security and economic performance of the proposed model is also tailored.