Detection, evaluation, and treatment of severe and resistant hypertension

The epidemiology, evaluation, and management of severe and resistant hypertension in the United States (US) are evolving. The American Society of Hypertension held a multi-disciplinary forum in October 2013 to review the available evidence related to the management of resistant hypertension with both drug and device therapies. There is strong evidence that resistant hypertension is an important clinical problem in the US and many other regions of the world. Complex drug therapy is effective in most of the patients with severe and resistant hypertension, but there are certain individuals who may be refractory to multiple-drug regimens or have adverse effects that make adherence to the regimen difficult. When secondary forms of hypertension and pseudo-resistance, such as medication nonadherence, or white-coat hypertension based on marked differences between clinic and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, have been excluded, the impact of device therapy is under evaluation through clinical trials in the US and from clinical practice registries in Europe and Australia. Clinical trial data have been obtained primarily in patients whose resistant hypertension is defined as systolic clinic blood pressures of >= 160 mm Hg (or >= 150 mm Hg in type 2 diabetes) despite pharmacologic treatment with at least three antihypertensive drugs (one of which is a thiazide or loop diuretic). Baroreceptor stimulation therapy has shown modest benefit in a moderately sized sham-controlled study in drug-resistant hypertension. Patients selected for renal denervation have typically been restricted to those with preserved kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). The first sham-controlled safety and efficacy trial for renal denervation (SYMPLICITY HTN-3) did not show benefit in this population when used in addition to an average of five antihypertensive medications. Analyses of controlled clinical trial data from future trials with novel designs will be of critical importance to determine the effectiveness of device therapy for patients with severe and resistant hypertension and will allow for proper determination of patient selection and whether it will be acceptable for clinical practice. At present, the focus on the management of severe and resistant hypertension will be through careful evaluation for pseudo-resistance and secondary forms of hypertension, appropriate use of combination pharmacologic therapy, and greater utility of specialists in hypertension. (C) 2014 American Society of Hypertension. All rights reserved.