Coarctation of the aorta: A brief literature review

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. It presents an incidence of about 1 in every 2500 live births. Though the genetic and embryological factors associated with the disease still remain debatable, there are three major theories regarding the responsible pathogenetic mechanism. Based on its anatomical location, the coarctation is classified into three types (ductal, preductal, postductal). Coarctation of the aorta often occurs along with other heart defects, typically on the left side of the heart. Since the aorta is narrowed, the left ventricle must generate a significantly higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the aorta. Aortic coarctation causes arterial hypertension before the point of narrowing and arterial hypotension beyond the narrowed portion. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. The age at which the condition is diagnosed depends on its severity. Current technology provides several diagnostic imaging options. Operative treatments are usually successful, but careful lifelong cardiovascular surveillance is suggested.