Biogenic synthesis of green and cost effective cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Geranium wallichianum leaves extract and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition properties

In the present study, the CoONPs were simply synthesized using Geranium wallichianum leaves extract as both reducing and stabilizing agents, which were further studied for diverse biological applications (antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition, biocompatibility, anticancer and antileishmanial). The biogenic CoONPs were further studied using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques; SEM, XRD, DLS, FT-IR, EDX, Raman spectroscopy. The antibacterial potential was determined against different bacterial strains. Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 21.875 mu g ml(-1)) was found to be most susceptible strain to CoONPs. Bioinspired CoONPs has shown potential results against HepG2 cancer cells (IC50: 31.4 mu g ml(-1)). Dose-dependent cytotoxicity assay was performed against Leishmanial amastigotes (IC50: 9.53 mu g ml(-1)) and promastigotes (IC50: 3.12 mu g ml(-1)). The cytotoxic potential was investigated against brine shrimps (IC50:18.12 mu g ml(-1)). Further, CoONPs were found hemocompatible against human macrophages and erythrocytes (IC50:>200 mu g ml(-1)). Moderate antioxidant activities: TAC(61.63%), DPPH(89.56%) andTRP (56.79%) are reported for CoONPs. In addition, alpha amylase and protein kinase inhibition assays were studied. Our results concluded that these CoONPs are non-toxic and biocompatible and can be used for different biomedical applications.