Effect of foliar application of urea on reproductive abscission and grain yield of soybean

Soybean (Glycine max L., Merr.) is considered to have relatively high level of reproductive abscission, but research information on how fertilizer use influences this problem is scanty. Field trials were therefore carried out for two seasons (1996 and 1998) to investigate the abscission levels of three soybean cultivars (TGX 536-02D, TGM 579, and Samsoy 11) as affected by foliar application of urea during the early reproductive stages. Flowering was not significantly increased by urea application, although all fertilized plants had fewer flower abortions than control. Fertilizing twice at full-flowering and pod-setting (R2-R3) or thrice at first-flowering, full-flowering, and pod setting (R1-R2-R3) stages gave the least flower abortion. In TGX 536-02D the average flower abortion was 61% in 1996 and 57% in 1998. The abortion rate was about 60% for TGM 579 in 1996 and Samsoy 11 in 1998, respectively. Percentage pod abortion was generally reduced especially at the R1-R2-R3 stage, while the proportion of aborted grains was highest in the unfertilized plants. Fertilizing at R2-R3 and R1-R2-R3 reduced seed abortion by about 8% in TGX 536-02D. The grain yield of fertilized soybean was between 6 and 68% higher than the control. These increases were attributed to higher number of pods and meaningful reductions in flower and pod abortions. Foliar applied urea at R2-R3 gave satisfactory results but the best stage of application was R1-R2-R3. (R2-R3) or thrice at first-flowering, full-flowering, and pod setting (R1-R2-R3) stages gave the least flower abortion. In TGX 536-02D the average flower abortion was 61% in 1996 and 57% in 1998. The abortion rate was about 60% for TGM 579 in 1996 and Samsoy 11 in 1998, respectively. Percentage pod abortion was generally reduced especially at the R1-R2-R3 stage, while the proportion of aborted grains was highest in the unfertilized plants. Fertilizing at R2-R3 and R1-R2-R3 reduced seed abortion by about 8% in TGX 536-02D. The grain yield of fertilized soybean was between 6 and 68% higher than the control. These increases were attributed to higher number of pods and meaningful reductions in flower and pod abortions. Foliar applied urea at R2-R3 gave satisfactory results but the best stage of application was R1-R2-R3.