Phytosynthesis and modification of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles/ nanocomposites for antibacterial and anticancer activities: Recent advances

Overcoming multidrug resistance mechanisms is an intricate issue to fight against pathogenic bacterial and cancer cells wherein smart application of metal nanoparticles (MNPs: Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, and Pd NPs), metal oxide NPs (MONPs: CuO, Cu2O, ZnO, TiO2 and Fe3O4 NPs), and metal nanocomposites (MNCs) can be an alluring option compared to the conventional drugs. However, the production and processing of these nanomaterials in relatively safer forms is critical to secure competent therapeutic results. Phytosynthesis and modification using various plant sources are garnering attention in view of the abundance of resources, eco-friendly nature, biodegradability, and biocompatibility in comparison to the conventional chemical and physical methods. Herein, this review discourses recent progress and the future potentials of these greener methods.