Myokine secretion following moderate-intensity endurance exercise under different environmental temperatures

Purpose: In the present study, the effects of endurance exercise under different environmental temperatures on myokine responses were elucidated. Methods: Seven healthy males (age: 22.7 +/- 0.4 years, height: 173.7 +/- 2.7 cm, body weight: 65.2 +/- 2.8 kg) performed pedaling at 60% of their maximal oxygen consumption for 60 min under three different environmental temperature conditions, cold (without shivering; 15-19 degrees C), moderate (24 degrees C), and hot (34 degrees C), in a counterbalanced fashion. Exercise intensity (60% maximal oxygen consumption evaluated under each condition) was relatively matched among the conditions. Venous blood samples were collected before, during, immediately after, and at 1, 2, and 3 h after exercise. Results: Exercise-induced changes in plasma irisin, interleukin-6, insulin or insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations did not differ significantly among the conditions (P > 0.05). In hot condition, exercise-induced elevation of plasma fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) concentration was significantly enhanced compared with the cold condition, and the myostatin concentration was lowered compared with the moderate condition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the area under the curve for the myostatin concentration over an exercise session (including during and after exercise) was significantly lower in the hot than moderate condition (P < 0.05). Notably, a positive correlation between the peak plasma FGF21 and myostatin concentrations was observed at the moderate environment, but not at the cold or hot condition (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Irisin and FGF21 concentrations induced by moderate-intensity endurance exercise were not enhanced under the cold environmental temperature without shivering. In contrast, exercise in the hot environmental temperature changed favorably FGF21 and myostatin concentrations compared with thermoneutral environment.