To crush, or not to crush? Unauthorised covert administration of medication in nursing homes

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of nursing home staff and residents of unauthorised covert administration of medication. Prior studies identify that covert medication administration (crushing medication to administer in food or drink) is common in nursing home settings. Still, few recognise that this practice may occur without consultation or clinical authorisation. Design: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with nursing home staff and residents as part of a more extensive mixed-methods study on medication omissions and clinical decision-making. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews across four geographical areas in New Zealand to better understand nursing home staff and residents' experiences and perspectives on covert administration. Semi-structured interviews took place with 11 Clinical managers/leads and one senior Registered Nurse; role specific focus groups were held with Registered Nurses (n = 6), Health Care Assistants (n = 14), and Residents (n = 12). Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Participants described covert administration as a practical option if a nursing home resident refused medication but recognised it was a deception that carried ethical and clinical risks, particularly when unauthorised. Participants felt that unauthorised covert administration stemmed from doubts about residents' competence and the competing demands staff face during medication administration. Staff, who typically relied on advice from their pharmacies around which medications were safe to crush, expressed a need for more education. Conclusions and Implications for practice: This study provides evidence that unauthorised covert administration of medications is an ongoing practice, using New Zealand nursing homes as an example. The results emphasise that nursing home staff and residents are aware that this practice carries ethical and clinical risks and requires a certified process to legitimise its authorised form.