The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup in pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSI) are different from adults owing to the unique anatomy and relative immaturity. The current article reviews the existing literature regarding the uniqueness of these injuries and discusses the current guidelines of radiological evaluation. A PubMed search was conducted using keywords "paediatric cervical spine injuries" or "paediatric cervical spine trauma." Six hundred and ninety two articles were available in total. Three hundred and forty three articles were considered for the review after eliminating unrelated and duplicate articles. Further screening was performed and 67 articles (original articles and review articles only) related to pediatric CSI were finally included. All articles were reviewed for details regarding epidemiology, injury patterns, anatomic considerations, clinical, and radiological evaluation protocols. CSIs are the most common level (60%-80%) for pediatric Spinal Injuries (SI). Children suffer from atlantoaxial injuries 2.5 times more often than adults. Children's unique anatomical features (large head size and highly flexible spine) predispose them to such a peculiar presentation. The role of National Emergency X-Ray Utilization Study, United State (NEXUS) and Canadian Cervical Spine Rule criteria in excluding pediatric cervical injury is questionable but cannot be ruled out completely. The minimum radiological examination includes 2- or 3-view cervical X-rays (anteroposterior, lateral +/- open-mouth odontoid views). Additional radiological evaluations, including computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are obtained in situations of abnormal physical examination, abnormal X-rays, inability to obtain adequate X-rays, or to assess cord/soft-tissue status. The clinical criteria for cervical spine injury clearance can generally be applied to children older than 2 years of age. Nevertheless, adequate caution should be exercised before applying these rules in younger children. Initial radiographic investigation should be always adequate plain radiographs of cervical spine. CT and MRI scans should only be performed in an appropriate group of pediatric patients.
机构:
Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Adelgais, Kathleen M.
Browne, Lorin
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Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pediat, Pediat Emergency Med Sect, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Browne, Lorin
Holsti, Maija
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Emergency Med, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Holsti, Maija
Metzger, Ryan R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
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Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Div Pediat Surg, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Metzger, Ryan R.
Murphy, Shannon Cox
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Primary Care Partners, Grand Junction, CO USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Murphy, Shannon Cox
Dudley, Nanette
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Emergency Med, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
机构:
Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Anderson, Richard C. E.
Kan, Peter
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Neurosurg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Kan, Peter
Vanaman, Monique
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h-index: 0
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Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Vanaman, Monique
Rubsam, Jeanne
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h-index: 0
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Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Surg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Rubsam, Jeanne
Hansen, Kristine W.
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h-index: 0
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Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Hansen, Kristine W.
Scaife, Eric R.
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h-index: 0
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Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Scaife, Eric R.
Brockmeyer, Douglas L.
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h-index: 0
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Univ Utah, Dept Neurosurg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
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Loma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Hazboun, Rajaie
Vannix, Rosemary
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h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Vannix, Rosemary
Krafft, Paul
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h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Neurosurg, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Krafft, Paul
Zouros, Alexander
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h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Neurosurg, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
机构:
Hosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
Barcelos, Alecio C. E. S.
Patriota, Gustavo C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
Patriota, Gustavo C.
Netto, Arlindo Ugulino
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h-index: 0
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Sch Med Nova Esperanca, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
机构:
Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Adelgais, Kathleen M.
Browne, Lorin
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pediat, Pediat Emergency Med Sect, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Browne, Lorin
Holsti, Maija
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Emergency Med, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Holsti, Maija
Metzger, Ryan R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Div Pediat Surg, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Metzger, Ryan R.
Murphy, Shannon Cox
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Primary Care Partners, Grand Junction, CO USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
Murphy, Shannon Cox
Dudley, Nanette
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Emergency Med, Salt Lake City, UT USAUniv Colorado Denver, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Sect Pediat Emergency Med, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
机构:
Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Anderson, Richard C. E.
Kan, Peter
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Neurosurg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Kan, Peter
Vanaman, Monique
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Vanaman, Monique
Rubsam, Jeanne
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h-index: 0
机构:
Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Surg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Rubsam, Jeanne
Hansen, Kristine W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Hansen, Kristine W.
Scaife, Eric R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Surg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
Scaife, Eric R.
Brockmeyer, Douglas L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Utah, Dept Neurosurg, Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USAColumbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurosurg, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY USA
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Hazboun, Rajaie
Vannix, Rosemary
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Vannix, Rosemary
Krafft, Paul
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Neurosurg, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
Krafft, Paul
Zouros, Alexander
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Loma Linda Univ, Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Neurosurg, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USALoma Linda Univ, Div Pediat Surg, Childrens Hosp, Rm 21111,Coleman Pavil,11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
机构:
Hosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
Barcelos, Alecio C. E. S.
Patriota, Gustavo C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
Patriota, Gustavo C.
Netto, Arlindo Ugulino
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sch Med Nova Esperanca, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Emergencia & Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena, Dept Neurosurg Serv, Div Neurocrit Care, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil