Increased Release of Dopamine in the Striata of Young Adults With Hearing Impairment and Its Relevance for the Social Defeat Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

IMPORTANCE An increased risk for psychosis is observed in people with hearing impairment. According to the social defeat hypothesis, the long-term experience of exclusion leads to enhanced baseline activity and/or sensitization of the dopamine system and puts the individual at increased risk for psychosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether young adults with severe hearing impairment (SHI) experience more feelings of social defeat, show greater dopamine release in response to dexamphetamine, and report a stronger subjective reaction to this substance than normal-hearing young adults and to examine whether dopamine release is associated with both self-reported social exclusion and dexamphetamine-induced psychotic experiences. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A sample of 19 participants with SHI and 19 smoking-, age-, and sex-matched healthy controls underwent single-photon emission computed tomography with iodine 123-labeled iodobenzamide as a radiotracer before and after an amphetamine challenge at an academic hospital. EXPOSURES Dexamphetamine sulfate (0.3mg/kg) administered intravenously. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Baseline D-2/3 receptor binding and endogenous dopamine release. RESULTS The participants with SHI reported experiencing more feelings of social defeat (U = 109, z = -2.09, P = .04) and loneliness (U = 87.5, z = -2.72, P = <.001) than did healthy controls, but they did not differ from healthy controls with regard to baseline psychotic symptoms (U = 156.5, z = -0.70, P = .48). There were no significant group differences in baseline D-2/3 receptor binding. However, repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance with age (in months) and tobacco smoking (in pack-years) as covariates showed that there was a greater amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release among the participants with SHI than among the healthy controls (F-1,F-34 = 4.55, P = .04). After amphetamine administration, the participants with SHI reported more changes in affect than the healthy controls, but not a greater increase in psychotic symptoms. Likewise, reports of social exclusion and an increase in psychotic symptoms were not associated with dopamine release. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our study presents preliminary evidence of dopamine sensitization in a socially excluded group of people with hearing impairment. If replicated by future studies in other excluded groups, this finding may have major implications for our understanding of the underlying mechanism and for prevention of psychotic disorders.