A simple cryopreservation protocol of Dioscorea bulbifera L. embryogenic calli by encapsulation-vitrification

Embryogenic calli of Dioscorea bulbifera L. were successfully cryopreserved using an encapsulation-vitrification method. Embryogenic calli were cooled at 6A degrees C for 5 days on solid MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) containing 2 mg L-1 Kinetin (Kn), 0.5 mg L-1 alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). These were prior precultured on liquid basal MS medium enriched with 0.75 M sucrose at 25 +/- A 1A degrees C for 7 days. Embryogenic calli were osmoprotected with a mixture of 2 M glycerol and 1 M sucrose for 80 min at 25A degrees C and dropped in a 0.1 M CaCl2 solution containing 0.4 M sucrose at 25 +/- A 1A degrees C. After 15 min of polymerization, Ca-alginate beads (about 4 mm in diameter) were dehydrated for 150 min at 0A degrees C in a PVS2 solution [30% glycerol, 15% ethylene glycol, and 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (w/v)] containing 0.5 M sucrose. The encapsulated embryogenic calli were then plunged directly into LN (liquid nitrogen) for 1 h. After rapid thawing in a water bath (37A degrees C; 2 min), the beads were washed 3 times at 10-min intervals in liquid basal MS medium containing 1.2 M sucrose. Following thawing, the embryogenic calli were transferred to fresh solid basal MS media supplemented with Kn 2 mg L-1, 0.09 M sucrose and 0.75% (w/v) agar (embryoid induction medium) and cultured under light conditions of 12-h photoperiod with a light intensity of 36 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) provided by white cool fluorescent tubes after a 2-day dark period at 25 +/- A 1A degrees C. After 30 days, the embryoids developed from embryogenic calli were transferred to fresh solid basal MS media supplemented with Kn 2 mg L-1, NAA 0.5 mg L-1, 3% (w/v) sucrose and 0.75% (w/v) agar (regeneration medium). After 60 days, the embryogenic calli developed normal shoots and roots. No morphological abnormalities were observed after plating on the regeneration medium. The survival rate of encapsulated vitrified embryogenic callus reached over 70%. This encapsulation-vitrification method appears promising as a routine and simple method for the cryopreservation of Dioscorea bulbifera embryogenic callus.