The dependence of the geoeffectiveness of interplanetary flux rope on its orientation, with possible application to geomagnetic storm prediction

Interplanetary magnetic clouds (MCs) are one of the main sources of large non-recurrent geomagnetic storms. With the aid of a force-free flux rope model, the dependence of the intensity of geomagnetic activity ( indicated by Dst index) on the axial orientation (denoted by theta and phi in GSE coordinates) of the magnetic cloud is analyzed theoretically. The distribution of the Dst values in the (theta, phi) plane is calculated by changing the axial orientation for various cases. It is concluded that (i) geomagnetic storms tend to occur in the region of theta < 0 degrees, especially in the region of theta less than or similar to - 45 degrees, where larger geomagnetic activity could be created; (ii) the intensity of geomagnetic activity varies more strongly with. than with phi; (iii) when the parameters B-0 (the magnetic field strength at the flux rope axis), R-0 (the radius of the flux rope), or V ( the bulk speed) increase, or | D| ( the shortest distance between the flux rope axis and the x-axis in GSE coordinates) decreases, a flux rope not only can increase the intensity of geomagnetic activity, but also is more likely to create a storm, however the variation of n ( the density) only has a little effect on the intensity; (iv) the most efficient orientation (MEO) in which a flux rope can cause the largest geomagnetic activity appears at phi similar to 0 degrees or similar to 180 degrees, and some value of theta which depends mainly on D; (v) the minimum Dst value that could be caused by a flux rope is the most sensitive to changes in B0 and V of the flux rope, and for a stronger and/or faster MC, a wider range of orientations will be geoeffective. Further, through analyzing 20 MC-caused moderate to large geomagnetic storms during 1998 - 2003, a long-term prediction of MC-caused geomagnetic storms on the basis of the flux rope model is proposed and assessed. The comparison between the theoretical results and the observations shows that there is a close linear correlation between the estimated and observed minimum Dst values. This suggests that using the ideal flux rope to predict practical MC-caused geomagnetic storms is applicable. The possibility of the long-term prediction of MC-caused geomagnetic storms is discussed briefly.