The coupling between upper and lower extremity synergies during whole body reaching

When performing whole body reaching movements, all four limbs participate in the task. We hypothesized that the synergies that characterize upper and lower extremity movement are flexible and become coupled into one functional unit to transport the body towards the target. To test this hypothesis, subjects reached to three targets, one within and two beyond arm's length. In addition, subjects reached at two speeds and either stopped at the target or returned to the original start position. To assess the coupling during the various whole body reaches, a principal component analysis was performed on the displacements of the five primary joints used to accomplish the task (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow). Analysis of the loadings from the principal component analysis indicated that the first component represented the reaching element of the task, while the second and third components represented the postural element. When reaching within arm's length the variance explained by the joint coupling was distributed between the first three principal components. However, as reach distance increased, the distribution shifted with most of the variance being explained by the first principal component. Neither movement velocity nor final joint configuration affected the coupling between the joints. Analysis of center of mass indicated that it shifted progressively forward as reached distance increased. We conclude that as target distance increased, the reach and postural synergies became coupled resulting in the arms, legs and trunk working together as one functional unit to move the whole body forward. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.