The neuroregulatory properties of L-DOPA. A review of the evidence and potential role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Accumulating evidence suggests that L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) has neurotransmitter-like and/or neuromodulatory properties in the CNS. Such evidence is based on a wide range of findings including the existence of specific L-DOPAergic neurons in several regions of the CNS, neurotransmitter-like characteristics and specific pharmacological effects. This review attempts to outline the main evidence for this conception and to relate such findings to L-DOPA treatment effects in Parkinson's disease. In this context L-DOPA in itself has been shown to potentiate D-2 receptor-mediated effects, inhibit acetylcholine release and increase the release of L-glutamate, neuropharmacological effects which can be linked to treatment side-effects in advanced Parkinson's disease. It is suggested that supersensitive L-DBPA-mediated effects contribute to the pathogenesis underlying L-DOPA-induced motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease, However, since specific L-DOPA receptors have yet to be identified, the assessment of the relative importance of L-DOPA-mediated effects in this clinical context must be regarded as incomplete.