Plastic deformation in small clear pieces of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) during densification with the CaLignum process

Specimens made of clear wood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were compressed semi-isostatically at 25degreesC in a Quintus press. Pressure ranged from 0 to 140 MPa and the maximum decrease in the crosscut area was about 60%. Quarter-sawn and plain-sawn specimens were densified with the inside face (pith side) up or down. A laser-made dot grid on the crosscut area of the uncompressed specimen was used to calculate plastic strains by image analysis of the displacement of dots after compression. Multivariate models were developed to determine the causes of deformation. The lower face was restrained by the press tab le and remained flat whereas sides attached to the rubber diaphragm became more irregularly shaped when compressed. Most of the total compression occurred below 50 MPa and was determined exclusively by pressure. Above 50 MPa, wood density was more important and compression was lower in the interior of specimens and in heartwood. Plastic compressive strain occurred predominately in the radial direction and toward the rigid press table. Strains were dependent on the sawing pattern and orientation. The growth rings of quarter-sawn specimens oriented with the outer face (bark side) down tended to buckle.