Infrared observations during the secondary eclipse of HD 209458b. I. 3.6 micron occultation spectroscopy using the very large telescope

We search for an infrared signature of the transiting extrasolar planet HD 209458b during secondary eclipse. Our method, which we call "occultation spectroscopy", searches for the disappearance and reappearance of weak spectral features due to the exoplanet as it passes behind the star and later reappears. We argue that at the longest infrared wavelengths, this technique becomes preferable to conventional "transit spectroscopy". We observed the system in the wing of the strong nu(3) band of methane near 3.6 mum during two secondary eclipses, using the VLT/ISAAC spectrometer at a spectral resolution of 3300. Our analysis, which utilizes a model template spectrum, achieves sufficient precision to expect detection of the spectral structure predicted by an irradiated, low-opacity (cloudless), low-albedo, thermochemical equilibrium model for the exoplanet atmosphere. However, our observations show no evidence for the presence of this spectrum from the exoplanet, with the statistical significance of the nondetection depending on the timing of the secondary eclipse, which depends on the assumed value for the orbital eccentricity. Our results reject certain specific models of the atmosphere of HD 209458b as inconsistent with our observations at the 3 sigma level, given assumptions about the stellar and planetary parameters.