Carbon-14 in streams as a tracer of discharging groundwater

Quantification of the volume of groundwater discharge to streams, and the source aquifer of that discharge, is required to adequately manage the impacts of groundwater use on stream ecosystems. This has been achieved through longitudinal surveys of gaseous tracers, but their effectiveness can be limited by rapid equilibration between the stream and the atmosphere. Here we develop the use of carbon-14 in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in a stream as a tracer of groundwater discharge. A controlled equilibration experiment was conducted, during which groundwater with an initial C-14 activity of 5.5 pMC was allowed to equilibrate with the atmosphere over 72 days. The effective transfer velocity for C-14 was measured as 0.013 m d(-1). The method was then tested at an artificial groundwater discharge location, where the effective transfer velocity was measured as 0.025 m d(-1). In these simple systems, the ratio of the effective C-14 transfer velocity to the CO2 gas transfer velocity is a function of pH, and proportional to the fraction of DIC present as CO2. The method was then applied along a reach of the Daly River, Australia, where groundwater discharge is known to occur. A decrease of 7 pMC was observed across the major spring discharge zone, with subsequent equilibration with the atmosphere occurring over at least tens of kilometres. This allowed for the effective transfer velocity to be estimated at between 0.09 and 0.15 m d(-1), and for the C-14 activity of groundwater discharge to be estimated at between 60 and 66 pMC. The equilibration of C-14 in stream DIC is in the order of 10 times slower than for gas tracers, which may allow for the detection of smaller groundwater discharge fluxes than is possible with gas tracers. If the total groundwater discharge flux is known, measurements of C-14 in stream DIC can also be used to infer the C-14 activity of discharging groundwater. This method may be a useful alternative to direct groundwater sampling, particularly in remote basins with few groundwater wells. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.