Incentives and barriers for participation in community-based environmental monitoring and information systems: A critical analysis and integration of the literature

The reliance of environmental management on comprehensive, high quality, timely and (ideally) affordable data and information has given rise to the need for 'shared environmental information systems' (SEIS). Communitybased monitoring and information systems or 'citizen observatories' are a form of SEIS whereby citizens are involved in new roles such as data collection for environmental monitoring, data and knowledge sharing for joint decision- making, and cooperative planning. Despite the technological advances and the notional potential, many efforts to implement community-based monitoring systems (CBM) are facing difficulties with engaging the core stakeholder. The success of CBMs relies on the active participation and commitment of all involved stakeholders: citizen, decision and policy makers, and (private) data aggregators and scientists. This requires indepth understanding of their motivations, incentives and barriers for participating. This paper draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour as an organising theoretical framework and reviews the (dispersed) empirical insights from the literature in order to generate an integrated overview of the incentives and barriers of the aforementioned stakeholders to participate in CBMs. The insights from the literature allow us to take stock of the state of research into motivations for CBM participation, to identify complementary and conflicting incentives for the respective actors, and to indicate gaps to be addressed in future research.