PM2.5 surface concentrations in southern West African urban areas based on sun photometer and satellite observations

Southern West Africa (SWA) is influenced by large numbers of aerosol particles of both anthropogenic and natural origins. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are expected to increase in the future due to the economical growth of African megacities. In this paper, we investigate the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the coastal area of the Gulf of Guinea using sun photometer and MODIS satellite observations. A network of lightweight handheld sun photometers have been deployed in SWA from December 2014 to April 2017 at five different locations in COte d'Ivoire and Benin. The handheld sun photometer measures the solar irradiance at 465, 540 and 619 nm and is operated manually once per day. Handheld-sun-photometer observations are complemented by available AERONET sun photometer observations and MODIS level 3 time series between 2003 and 2019. MODIS daily level 3 AOD agrees well with sun photometer observations in Abidjan and Cotonou (correlation coefficient R = 0.89 and RMSE = 0.19). A classification based on the sun photometer AOD and Angstrom exponent (AE) is used to separate the influence of coarse mineral dust and urban-like aerosols. The AOD seasonal pattern is similar for all the sites and is clearly influenced by the mineral dust advection from December to May. Sun photometer AODs are analyzed in coincidence with surface PM2.5 concentrations to infer trends in the particulate pollution levels over conurbations of Abidjan (COte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin). PM2.5-to-AOD conversion factors are evaluated as a function of the season and the aerosol type identified in the AE classification. The highest PM2.5 concentrations (up to 300 mu g m(-3)) are associated with the advection of mineral dust in the heart of the dry season (December-February). Annual means are around 30 mu g m(-3), and 80 % of days in the winter dry season have a value above 35 mu g m(-3), while concentrations remain below 16 mu g m(-3) from May to September. No obvious trend is observed in the 2003-2019 MODIS-derived PM2.5 time series. However the short dry period (August-September), when urban-like aerosols dominate, is associated with a monotonic trend between 0.04 and 0.43 mu g m(-3) yr(-1) in the PM2.5 concentrations over the period 2003-2017. The monotonic trend remains uncertain but is coherent with the expected increase in combustion aerosol emissions in SWA.