HIGH SCIENCE AND NATURAL SCIENCES: GREEK THEOLOGIANS AND THE SCIENCE AND RELIGION INTERACTIONS (1832-1910) with Jaume Navarro and Kostas Tampakis, "Science and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Non-Anglo-American Perspectives"; M. Alper Yalcinkaya, "'Science,' 'Religion,' and 'Science-and-Religion' in the Late Ottoman Empire"; Kostas Tampakis, "High Science and Natural Science: Greek Theologians and the Science and Religion Interactions (1832-1910)"; Agustin Ceba Herrero and Joan March Noguera, "'Serving God, Fatherland, and Language': Alcover, Catalan, and Science"; Jaume Navarro, "Draper in Spain: The Conflicting Circulation of the Conflict Thesis"; and Neil Tarrant, "Science, Religion, and Italy's Seventeenth Century Decline: From Francesco de Sanctis to Benedetto Croce."

What was science for the Orthodox Greek theologian of the nineteenth century? How did it feature in his (theologians were all men at the time) own work? This article is an attempt to describe the science and religion interactions by placing Greek Orthodox theologians of the nineteenth century in the center of the historical narrative, rather than treat them as occasional deuteragonists in the scientists' historiography. The picture that emerges is far more complicated than one of antagonism, indifference, conflict, or coexistence. Greek theologians saw themselves as scientists and treated theology as a positive, rational science. They developed strategies to delineate their disciplinary borders and safeguard their identity as expert scholars by harnessing their university and academic credentials. For that reason, they had to invoke famous German and other Western theologians, while ensuring that they were seen as true defenders of Orthodox Christianity. The idea of science was an integral part of this achievement.