Anthocyanins in berries of Ribes including gooseberry cultivars with a high content of acylated pigments

Consumption of berries from various sources including the genus Ribes has been associated with diverse potential health benefits. The 14 examined cultivars of European gooseberry ( R. grossularia L.) contained in various proportions the 3- glucoside ( 3), 3- rutinoside ( 4), 3- xyloside ( 7), 3- O-beta( 6 ''- caffeoylglucopyranoside) ( 8), and 3- O-beta-( 6 "- E- p- coumaroylglucopyranoside) ( 10) of cyanidin and the 3- rutinoside ( 6) and 3- glucoside of peonidin ( 5). Pigments 3, 4, delphinidin 3- rutinoside ( 2), delphinidin 3- glucoside ( 1), and minor amounts of 6, 7, and 10 were found in red flowering currant ( R. sanguineum Pursh). Golden currant ( R. aureum Pursh) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 1, 6, and 7, while alpine currant ( R. alpinum L.) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 10. The major anthocyanins in two cultivars of jostaberries ( R. x nidigrolaria Bauer), 1- 4, 8, and 10, reflected that this hybrid contained the major anthocyanins of both parents, black currant and gooseberry. This is the first complete identification of 8 and the ring size of the sugar of 10. Pigment 9 was tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-( 6 "- Z- p- coumaroylglucoside). This new pigment occurred in minor amounts (< 2%) in all R. grosssularia and R. x nidigrolaria cultivars. No commercially available berries have been reported to contain such high proportions of aromatic acylated anthocyanins as found in the gooseberry cultivars " Samso", " Hinnomaki Red", " Taastrup", " Lofthus", and " Glendal", which are in this context the most obvious candidates for consumption, colorant, and breeding programs.