Oxidative degradation of clindamycin in aqueous solution using nanoscale zero-valent iron/H2O2/US

In this study, we investigated clindamycin (CLM) removal efficiency by using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and sonolysis process. Laboratory experiments were performed at 21 +/- 2 degrees C. Also, the effects of initial CLM concentration (45, 80, and 100mg/L), the molar ratio of H2O2 (0.1, 0.5, and 1mM), nZVI (0.06, 0.1, and 0.2g/L), pH (3, 7, and 10), in the presence of ultrasonic waves (35 and 130kHz with 500W power) were studied. The results demonstrated that the sonolysis process combined with nZVI and H2O2 in nZVI/H2O2/US system improved the degradation efficiency. Results indicate that the CLM degradation rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing contact time, temperature, nZVI concentration (0.2g/L), H2O2 concentration (to 180mM), and ultrasound frequency (130kHz/500W). The optimal concentration of the H2O2, according to the extent of the OH scavenging reaction with these reagents, was demonstrated for CLM removal.