The Gains of Greater Granularity: The Presence and Persistence of Problem Properties in Urban Neighborhoods

This study applies the growing emphasis on micro-places to the analysis of addresses, assessing the presence and persistence of "problem properties" with elevated levels of crime and disorder. It evaluates what insights this additional detail offers beyond the analysis of neighborhoods and street segments. We used over 2,000,000 geocoded emergency and non-emergency requests received by the City of Boston's 911 and 311 systems from 2011-2013 to calculate six indices of violent crime, physical disorder, and social disorder for all addresses (n = 123,265). We linked addresses to their street segment (n = 13,767) and census tract (n = 178), creating a three-level hierarchy that enabled a series of multilevel Poisson hierarchical models. Less than 1% of addresses generated 25% of reports of crime and disorder. Across indices, 95-99% of variance was at the address level, though there was significant clustering at the street segment and neighborhood levels. Models with lag predictors found that levels of crime and disorder persisted across years for all outcomes at all three geographic levels, with stronger effects at higher geographic levels. Distinctively, similar to 15% of addresses generated crime or disorder in one year and not in the other. The analysis suggests new opportunities for both the criminology of place and the management of public safety in considering addresses in conjunction with higher-order geographies. We explore directions for empirical work including the further experimentation with and evaluation of law enforcement policies targeting problem properties.