An alarming high prevalence of resistance-associated mutations to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma genitalium in Belgium: results from samples collected between 2015 and 2018

Objectives The number of reported cases of multiresistant Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is increasing globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of macrolide and possible fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) of MG in Belgium. Methods The study was performed retrospectively on two sets of MG-positive samples collected in Belgium between 2015 and 2018. The first set of samples originated from routine surveillance activities and the second set came from a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) using pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission. Detection of RAMs to macrolides and fluoroquinolones was performed on all samples using DNA sequencing of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene, the gyrA gene and the parC gene. Results Seventy-one per cent of the MG samples contained a mutation conferring resistance to macrolides or fluoroquinolones (ParC position 83/87). RAMs were more frequently found among men compared with women for fluoroquinolones (23.9% vs 9.1%) and macrolides (78.4% vs 27.3%). Almost 90% of the MG infections among MSM possessed a RAM to macrolides (88.4%). In addition, 18.0% of the samples harboured both macrolides and fluoroquinolone RAMs; 3.0% in women and 24.2% in MSM. Being MSM was associated with macrolide RAMs (OR 15.3), fluoroquinolone RAMs (OR 3.8) and having a possible multiresistant MG infection (OR 7.2). Conclusion The study shows an alarmingly high prevalence of MG with RAMs to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in Belgium. These results highlight the need to improve antimicrobial stewardship in Belgium in order to avoid the emergence of untreatable MG.