Influence of low-Z impurity on the stabilization of m/n=2/1 tearing/locked modes in EAST

The impact of the low-Z impurity concentration on mode stabilization has been investigated in the EAST tokamak. A series of tearing modes (TMs) with multiple helicities are excited by the low-Z (carbon) impurity concentration, and the dominant mode structure features m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands that propagate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction (m and n are poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively). The m/n = 2/1 locked modes (LMs) can be formed by the redistribution of low-Z impurity concentration, and are unlocked spontaneously due to the decrease in the impurity concentration, where the width of the magnetic islands can reach w approximate to 5 cm (w/a approximate to 0.1, a is the minor radius). The increase in the electromagnetic brake torque is the primary reason for the mode locking, and the 'O'-point of the m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands is locked by the tungsten protector limiter (toroidal position: -0.4 pi <= phi <= -0.3 pi) with separation of Delta phi approximate to 0. The 3D asymmetric structure of the m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands is formed for the interaction with the tungsten protector limiter, and the electromagnetic interaction decreases dramatically for the separation of Delta phi > 0.2 pi. The mode excitation and locking mechanisms can be illustrated by the 'hysteresis effect' between the low-Z impurity concentration and the width of the m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands; namely, the growth of magnetic islands is modulated by the low-Z impurity concentration, and the rotation velocity is decelerated accordingly. However, the intrinsic mechanism for the unlocking of m/n = 2/1 LMs is complicated by considering the concentration of the low-Z impurity, and the possible unlocking mechanism is discussed. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the impurities and magnetic islands is more important for optimization of the control techniques (resonant magnetic perturbations -> LMs, electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECRH) -> neoclassical tearing mode (NTM), impurity seeding -> major collapse, etc).