Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70

被引：572

作者：

Keppler, M. ^{[1
]}

Benisty, M. ^{[2
,3
]}

Mueller, A. ^{[1
]}

Henning, Th. ^{[1
]}

van Boekel, R. ^{[1
]}

Cantalloube, F. ^{[1
]}

Ginski, C. ^{[4
,33
]}

van Holstein, R. G. ^{[4
]}

Maire, A. -L. ^{[1
]}

Pohl, A. ^{[1
]}

Samland, M. ^{[1
]}

Avenhaus, H. ^{[1
]}

Baudino, J. -L. ^{[5
]}

Boccaletti, A. ^{[6
]}

de Boer, J. ^{[4
]}

Bonnefoy, M. ^{[2
]}

Chauvin, G. ^{[2
,3
]}

Desidera, S. ^{[7
]}

Langlois, M. ^{[8
,9
]}

Lazzoni, C. ^{[7
]}

Marleau, G. -D. ^{[1
,10
]}

Mordasini, C. ^{[11
]}

Pawellek, N. ^{[1
,40
]}

Stolker, T. ^{[12
]}

Vigan, A. ^{[8
]}

Zurlo, A. ^{[8
,13
,14
]}

Birnstiel, T. ^{[15
]}

Brandner, W. ^{[1
]}

Feldt, M. ^{[1
]}

Flock, M. ^{[1
,16
,17
]}

Girard, J. ^{[2
,18
]}

Gratton, R. ^{[7
]}

Hagelberg, J. ^{[2
]}

Isella, A. ^{[19
]}

Janson, M. ^{[1
,20
]}

Juhasz, A. ^{[21
]}

Kemmer, J. ^{[1
]}

Kral, Q. ^{[6
,21
]}

Lagrange, A. -M. ^{[2
]}

Launhardt, R. ^{[1
]}

Matter, A. ^{[22
]}

Menard, F. ^{[2
]}

Milli, J. ^{[18
]}

Molliere, P. ^{[4
]}

Olofsson, J. ^{[1
,23
,24
]}

Perez, L. ^{[25
]}

Pinilla, P. ^{[26
]}

Pinte, C. ^{[2
,8
,27
,28
,29
]}

Quanz, S. P. ^{[12
]}

Schmidt, T. ^{[6
]}

机构：

[1] Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[2] Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France

[3] Univ Casilla, Unidad Mixta Int Franco Chilena Astron, Dept Astron, CNRS INSU,UMI 3386, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile

[4] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[5] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England

[6] Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Univ, Univ PSL, LESIA,Observ Paris,CNRS,Sorbonne Paris Cite, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France

[7] INAF Osservatorio Astron Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy

[8] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

[9] Univ Lyon, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CRAL, CNRS,UMR 5574, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France

[10] Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Morgenstelle 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany

[11] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Gesellschaftsstr 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

[12] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Particle Phys & Astrophys, Wolfgang Pauli Str 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

[13] Univ Diego Portales, Nucleo Astron, Fac Ingn & Ciencias, Ave Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile

[14] Univ Diego Portales, Escuela Ingn Ind, Fac Ingn & Ciencias, Ave Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile

[15] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Univ Observ, Fac Phys, Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany

[16] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[17] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA

[18] ESO, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile

[19] Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA

[20] Stockholm Univ, Dept Astron, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[21] Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England

[22] Univ Cote Azur, Observ Cote Azur, CNRS, Lab Lagrange, Nice, France

[23] Univ Valparaiso, Inst Fis & Astron, Fac Ciencias, Ave Gran Bretana 1111, Valparaiso, Chile

[24] Univ Valparaiso, Nucleo Milenio Formac Planetaria NPF, Ave Gran Bretana 1111, Valparaiso, Chile

[25] Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Camino El Observ 1515, Santiago, Chile

[26] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Steward Observ, 933 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[27] Univ Chile, UMI FCA, Dept Astron, CNRS INSU,France UMI 3386, Santiago, Chile

[28] Monash Univ, Monash Ctr Astrophys MoCA, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia

[29] Monash Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia

[30] Univ Geneva, Observ Geneva, Chemin Mailettes 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

[31] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[32] Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands

[33] ESO, Karl Schwarzschild Str 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[34] Univ Atacama, INCT, Calle Copayapu 485, Copiapo, Atacama, Chile

[35] INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy

[36] Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Astron, Landessternwarte, Konigstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[37] INAF Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy

[38] Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-92322 Chatillon, France

[39] NOVA Opt Infrared Instrumentat Grp, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[40] Hungarian Acad Sci, Konkoly Observ, Res Ctr Astron & Earth Sci, POB 67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary

[41] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2018年 / 617卷

基金：

欧洲研究理事会; 英国科学技术设施理事会; 瑞士国家科学基金会;

关键词：

stars: individual: PDS 70; techniques: high angular resolution; protoplanetary disks; scattering; radiative transfer; planets and satellites: detection; T-TAURI STARS; EVOLUTIONARY MODELS; GIANT PLANETS; BROWN DWARFS; YOUNG STAR; CANDIDATE; GRAINS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201832957

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. Young circumstellar disks are the birthplaces of planets. Their study is of prime interest to understand the physical and chemical conditions under which planet formation takes place. Only very few detections of planet candidates within these disks exist, and most of them are currently suspected to be disk features. Aims. In this context, the transition disk around the young star PDS 70 is of particular interest, due to its large gap identified in previous observations, indicative of ongoing planet formation. We aim to search for the presence of an embedded young planet and search for disk structures that may be the result of disk-planet interactions and other evolutionary processes. Methods. We analyse new and archival near-infrared images of the transition disk PDS 70 obtained with the VLT/SPHERE, VLT/NaCo, and Gemini/NICI instruments in polarimetric differential imaging and angular differential imaging modes. Results. We detect a point source within the gap of the disk at about 195 mas (similar to 22 au) projected separation. The detection is confirmed at five different epochs, in three filter bands and using different instruments. The astrometry results in an object of bound nature, with high significance. The comparison of the measured magnitudes and colours to evolutionary tracks suggests that the detection is a companion of planetary mass. The luminosity of the detected object is consistent with that of an L-type dwarf, but its IR colours are redder, possibly indicating the presence of warm surrounding material. Further, we confirm the detection of a large gap of similar to 54 au in size within the disk in our scattered light images, and detect a signal from an inner disk component. We find that its spatial extent is very likely smaller than similar to 17 au in radius, and its position angle is consistent with that of the outer disk. The images of the outer disk show evidence of a complex azimuthal brightness distribution which is different at different wavelengths and may in part be explained by Rayleigh scattering from very small grains. Conclusions. The detection of a young protoplanet within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70 opens the door to a so far observationally unexplored parameter space of planetary formation and evolution. Future observations of this system at different wavelengths and continuing astrometry will allow us to test theoretical predictions regarding planet-disk interactions, planetary atmospheres, and evolutionary models.

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页数：21

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