A comparison of the fusion model of deep learning neural networks with human observation for lung nodule detection and classification

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic performance of a newly developed artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm derived from the fusion of convolution neural networks (CNN) versus human observers in the estimation of malignancy risk in pulmonary nodules. Methods: The study population consists of 158 nodules from 158 patients. All nodules (81 benign and 77 malignant) were determined to be malignant or benign by a radiologist based on pathologic assessment and/or follow-up imaging. Two radiologists and an Al platform analyzed the nodules based on the Lung-RADS classification. The two observers also noted the size, location, and morphologic features of the nodules. An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for both observers and the AI; ROC curve analysis was performed to determine diagnostic performances. Results: Nodule size, presence of spiculation, and presence of fat were significantly different between the malignant and benign nodules (p < 0.001, for all three). Eighteen (11.3%) nodules were not detected and analyzed by the Al. Observer 1, observer 2, and the Al had an AUC of 0.917 +/- 0.023, 0.870 +/- 0.033, and 0.790 +/- 0.037 in the ROC analysis of malignity probability, respectively. The observers were in almost perfect agreement for localization, nodule size, and lung-RADS classification [kappa (95%CI)=0.984 (0.961-1.000), 0.978 (0.970-0.984), and 0.924 (0.878-0.970), respectively]. Conclusion: The performance of the fusion Al algorithm in estimating the risk of malignancy was slightly lower than the performance of the observers. Fusion Al algorithms might be applied in an assisting role, especially for inexperienced radiologists. Advances in knowledge: In this study, we proposed a fusion model using four state-of-art object detectors for lung nodule detection and discrimination. The use of fusion of deep learning neural networks might be used in a supportive role for radiologists when interpreting lung nodule discrimination.