Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oils from Four Nepeta Species and Hybrids against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Essential oils of four ornamental species and hybrids of Nepeta: N. racemosa Lam. hybrid, Select., N. sibirica L., N. subsessilis Maxim, and N. xfaassenii Bergmans ex Stearn, 'Dropmore were studied for their chemical composition, larvicidal and biting deterrent activity. Water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Nepeta species were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nepeta racemosa hybrid, Select. and N. xfaassenii, Dropmore. essential oils were rich in 1,8-cineole whereas N. sibirica and N. subsessilis essential oils mainly consisted of sesquiterpenes: (Z)-beta-farnesene, beta-bisabolene, delta-cadinene or beta-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide. Many Nepeta species essential oils are reported to be rich in nepetalactone isomers, but essential oils from these species contained either very low or no nepetalactone content. In biting deterrent bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these bioassays, essential oils of these Nepeta species and hybrids at 100 mu g/cm(2) showed activity similar to DEET at 25 nmol/cm(2) against Aedes aegypti, whereas this activity at the concentration of 10 mu g/cm(2) was lower than DEET. All the essential oils showed weak larvicidal activity and mortalities were observed only at highest dose of 125 ppm against Ae. aegypti.