Phosphate and tritium transport through undisturbed subsoil as affected by ionic strength

Storm flow can cause serious subsurface losses of dissolved orthophosphate from soils that under low now conditions effectively retain orthophosphate (P-i). To test if storm flow loss of P-i can be related to preferential flow and/or decrease in ionic strength of mobile solution we applied combined pulses of (H2PO4-)-P-32 ((32)p) and tritium ((H2O)-H-3) to an undisturbed column of clayey subsoil (diam, 0.5 m, height 0.73 m) subjected to water saturated steady flow, with either distilled water (0.003 mS cm(-1)) or a dilute salt solution (0.2 mS cm(-1)). The pulse applications resulted in narrow breakthroughs of P-32 with peak arrivals after displacement of only 2 to 4% of the total water content. In comparison, the (H2O)-H-3-breakthrough curves had peak arrivals after displacement of 8 to 18% of the total water content and showed extensive tailing, In distilled water approximately twice as much phosphate was transported through the column than in the diluted salt solution, although the recovery percentage in both cases was <1% of the applied P-32-mass. Slicing of the column after dye application confirmed the presence of heterogeneous flow paths, The results suggest that the positive correlation observed between concentration of dissolved Pi and field effluent discharge rate is restricted to rainfall intensities that initiate preferential flow, and that the P-i-transport is increased the more dilute the percolating solution remains.