A novel alpha conotoxin (α-PIB) isolated from C-purpurascens is selective for skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

The alpha-conotoxin family is comprised of peptides that share the following arrangement of cysteine residues in the primary amino acid sequence: -CC-C-C-, where each dash represents a variable number of amino acids. The number of amino acids between cysteine residues has been used to group the alpha-conotoxins into distinct subfamilies. These subfamilies include the alpha 4/7. alpha 4/3- and alpha 3/5-conotoxins, so named for the number of amino acids between 2nd/3rd and 3rd/4th cysteine residues. respectively. The alpha 3/5-conotoxins antagonize vertebrate-muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), while the alpha 4/7- and alpha 4/3-conotoxins primarily inhibit vertebrate neuronal nAChRs. To date, these three subfamilies Lire the most extensively characterized of the a-conotoxin family. Here we report the purification and characterization of an unusual)alpha 4/4-conotoxin, alpha-conotoxin PIB (alpha-PIB), front the venom of Conus purpurascens, with the following amino-acid sequence: ZSOGCCWNPACVKNRC (Z = pyroglutamate, O = hydroxyproline). This peptide demonstrates high affinity inhibition of vertebrate-muscle nAChRs, and paralytic effects when injected in vivo. Testing of alpha-PIB against other receptors indicated that the inhibitory effect is specific for skeletal muscle nAChRs. alpha-PIB shares the key biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of the gamma-conotoxin family.