Fate of perchlorate-contaminated water in upflow wetlands

The potential of natural wetland systems to treat perchlorate-contaminated water was investigated in vertical upflow wetland columns planted with and without Bulrush (Scirpus sp.). In the absence of nitrate (NO3--N < 1 mg/L), wetland columns were capable of removing ClO4- to levels below the detection limit (< 4 tg/L) for a series of influent ClO4- (4, 8, 16. and 32 mg/L). At an influent ClO4- concentration of 32 mg/L, ClO4- breakthrough was observed with the increase in nitrate concentration. ClO4- and NO3- degradation rate constants (K-pc and K-NO3(-) -(N)) were also determined using a 1-D transport model with dispersion. K-pc declined with the increase of influent CLO4- and NO3- -(N) concentration (6.49-0.42 day(-1) for unplanted columns, and 7.80-0.21 day(-1) for planted columns, respectively). K-NO3(-) -(N) followed similar trends but was relatively higher than K-pc, Plant uptake was directly linked with ClO4- concentration in the rhizosphere, and the stem bio-concentration factor (BCF) was estimated to be 57. A mass balance indicated plant uptake accounted for 0-14.3% of initial ClO4- input. Microbial degradation played a more important role than plant uptake and transformation in ClO4- degradation in this wetland system. This study suggests that constructed wetlands may be a promising technology to treat perchlorate-contaminated waters. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.