Farmer models of socio-ecologic systems: Application of causal mapping across multiple locations

Modelling ecological or environmental problems has potential to provide understanding of the causes of such problems and to indicate how to better manage them. Ozesmi and Ozesmi (2004) showed that cognitive or causal mapping can be used to develop maps of socio-ecological systems but these maps were based on stakeholders concerned with one ecosystem. This article shows how maps from a number of different dairy farmers in different locations, but each considering his or her own farm, can be used in meta analysis to make maps that represent how farmers think their farm ecosystem works. It also shows that the combination of causal mapping with the additional technique of Q method provides a useful solution to the practical problem of selecting from a sufficiently broad range of factors with potential to use in a map. Causal mapping in single or multiple locations contributes to the goal of using peoples' knowledge of ecosystems to improve our understanding of socio-ecological systems. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.