Maternal constraint influences muscle fibre development in fetal lambs

The objective was to examine myogenesis in two situations expected to be characterized by maternal constraint: (i) in fetuses due to be born in spring (n = 10) or autumn (n = 10); and (ii) in single (n = 16) and twin (n = 20) fetal lambs. Maternal constraint operating through limitation of placental size, as measured by placentome weight per fetus, was evident in each study. Although a lower placental weight did not influence body and muscle weights of fetuses due to be born in the spring or autumn, twins had lower body and muscle weights than singles. Fibre number and average fibre cross-sectional (CS) area were differentially affected by season and fetal number. The differences in muscle fibre morphology between spring-and autumn-born fetuses suggest that muscle fibre development was influenced by maternal constraint in the absence of an effect on fetal weight. The differences in muscle fibre number and CS area in particular muscles from twin and single fetuses suggest that more severe maternal constraint, reflected in a lower placental size per fetus, not only influences fetal weight but can also affect muscle development.