Estimation and modeling of parameters for direct reduction in iron ore/coal composites: Part I. Physical parameters

This article critically assesses literature estimates of the major physical parameters associated with direct reduction in iron ore/coal composites, including heats of reactions, specific heats, composition, porosity, density, shrinkage, swelling, and thermal conductivity. Where estimates are not available, new formulae are given. In particular, this article focuses on the temperature dependence of certain parameters, since this is required for the development of mathematical models. The article also highlights areas of investigation, where the parameter estimates are in need of further experimental research or where different authors provide conflicting estimates. The results are of more general applicability than to coal-based direct reduction of iron ore and will be useful for researchers investigating any form of direct reduction of iron ore.