Investigating the characteristic of hydraulic T-jump on rough bed based on experimental and numerical modeling

Hydraulic jumps are recognized as inevitable phenomena that form when the supercritical flow induced by hydraulic structures transmits to the subcritical downstream flow. One of the common approaches to controlling the energy generated by hydraulic jumps is to expand the section of the stilling basin. The present paper aims to investigate the main characteristics of the gradual expanding T-jump on the rough bed open-channel. In this regard, a range of Froude numbers between 3 and 14, four diverging angles of transition (theta = 15, 22.5, 30, and 60o), and five rough beds (K-s = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm) were selected. Experimental results reveal when the height of the bed roughness is increased, it reduces the length of the T-jump, roller jump, and the secondary depth of the T-jump. Likewise, the same result is unfolded for the increase of divergence angle of the transition. The normalized length of the T-jump in terms of sequent depth of classical jump L-j/y*(2) is estimated at around 3.73, confirming that the length of the gradual expanding T-jump on the rough bed is smaller than the classic jump and the smooth bed. The average amount of secondary depth reduction is accounted at approximately 30.51%, indicating that the tail-water depth required to form a T-jump is remarkably smaller than those corresponding quantities in the classic jump and the smooth bed. In addition, the results of simulated T-jumps demonstrate good agreements with the experimental ones. Numerical quantities show the secondary depths of the T-jumps on a rough bed experience approximately 12.9% and 16.8% reductions compared to the smooth bed. Besides, 2D variations of flow velocity illuminate the role of the dead zone areas that reduce the total length of the T-jumps. The findings of the present research would be of prominent importance in designing stilling basins to control significant energy induced by hydraulic jumps.