Synergetic management of water-energy-food nexus system and GHG emissions under multiple uncertainties: An inexact fractional fuzzy chance constraint programming method

Management of water-food-energy nexus (WEFN) is of great importance to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The development of WEFN management strategies is challenged by extensive uncertainties in different system components. Also, agricultural activities would contribute a large portion of the total GHG emissions in many countries, which are affecting the promised carbon neutrality in future. In this study, an inexact fractional fuzzy chance constraint programming method was developed towards planning the water-food-energy nexus system under consideration of both uncertainties and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. An inexact fractional fuzzy chance constraint programming-based water-energy-food nexus (IFFCCP-WEFN) model has been established under consideration of various restrictions and GHG emissions. Solutions of the planting areas for different crops in different periods have been generated. These results imply that the corn cultivation would be prioritized to satisfy cereal demand due to its relatively lower GHG emission intensity. But the residual resources, after satisfying cereal demand, would tend to be allocated to vegetable planting. Comparison has been conducted among the IFFCCP-WEFN model and WEFN models based the inexact fuzzy chance constraint programming approach with and without GHG emissions. The results indicate that, the results from IFFCCP-WEFN model would achieve a highest unit benefit and lowest total GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions can be 11% less at most than GHG emissions from the resulting crop structures of the other two comparable models. Consequently, the developed IFFCCP-WEFN model can help decision-makers identify the desirable planting structure for crops with a priority of low GHG emission rate. The major contributions in this study include (i) the inexact fractional fuzzy chance constraint programming method to deal with interval and fuzzy parameters, reflect decision makers' preferences and handle conflicts among contradictory objectives, (ii) the IFFCCP-WEFN model to achieve a maximized unit benefit with respect GHG emissions