Hydrogels as scaffolds and delivery systems to enhance axonal regeneration after injuries

被引:83
作者
Carballo-Molina, Oscar A. [1 ]
Velasco, Ivan [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst fisiol Celular Neurociencias, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico
关键词
axotomy; growth factors; injury response; grafting; surgical intervention; PERIPHERAL-NERVE REGENERATION; PEPTIDE NANOFIBER SCAFFOLD; HYALURONIC-ACID HYDROGELS; SPINAL-CORD; SCHWANN-CELLS; SCIATIC-NERVE; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; KERATIN HYDROGEL; SEMAPHORINS; 3A; STEM-CELLS;
D O I
10.3389/fncel.2015.00013
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
Damage caused to neural tissue by disease or injury frequently produces a discontinuity in the nervous system (NS). Such damage generates diverse alterations that are commonly permanent, due to the limited regeneration capacity of the adult NS, particularly the Central Nervous System (CNS). The cellular reaction to noxious stimulus leads to several events such as the formation of glial and fibrous scars, which inhibit axonal regeneration in both the CNS and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Although in the PNS there is some degree of nerve regeneration, it is common that the growing axons reinnervate incorrect areas, causing mismatches. Providing a permissive substrate for axonal regeneration in combination with delivery systems for the release of molecules, which enhances axonal growth, could increase regeneration and the recovery of functions in the CNS or the PNS. Currently, there are no effective vehicles to supply growth factors or cells to the damaged/diseased NS. Hydrogels are polymers that are biodegradable, biocompatible and have the capacity to deliver a large range of molecules in situ. The inclusion of cultured neural cells into hydrogels forming three-dimensional structures allows the formation of synapses and neuronal survival. There is also evidence showing that hydrogels constitute an amenable substrate for axonal growth of endogenous or grafted cells, overcoming the presence of axonal regeneration inhibitory molecules, in both the CNS and PNS. Recent experiments suggest that hydrogels can carry and deliver several proteins relevant for improving neuronal survival and axonal growth. Although the use of hydrogels is appealing, its effectiveness is still a matter of discussion, and more results are needed to achieve consistent recovery using different parameters. This review also discusses areas of opportunity where hydrogels can be applied, in order to promote axonal regeneration of the NS.
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页数:12
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