World System, Anthropogenic, and Ecological Threats to Bird and Mammal Species: A Structural Equation Analysis of Biodiversity Loss

Biodiversity is essential for human well-being, the functioning of ecosystems, and the sustained flow of benefits from ecosystems to individuals and societies. An important component of biodiversity is "species richness," the number of species in an ecological unit. Loss of species richness contributes to worsening health, lower food security, and the increasing vulnerability of human and animal populations. This article examines the effects of relevant global, anthropogenic ( human caused), and ecological factors on nations' relative shares of the global total of threatened bird and mammal species for 139 countries. Using structural equation models, the authors tested hypothesized predictions from human ecology, ecological modernization, and global political-economic approaches. The findings indicate that the structure of the global system directly affects local anthropogenic factors ( modernization, population), which, in concert with ecological characteristics, are direct and indirect predictors of the loss of species. This research emphasizes the importance of informed sociological analyses that account for both the direct and indirect effects of global forces and the conjoint importance of anthropogenic and ecological processes that contribute to a key form of environmental degradation.