Transfers in international environmental agreements under heterogeneity

This paper analytically compares the effectiveness of internal and external transfers in encouraging participants in international environmental agreements (IEAs). We divide countries into two homogeneous groups: developed and developing countries. Further, we assume that strong asymmetries exist in their abatement benefits and costs. Using the non-cooperative game model of coalition formation, our result shows that both types of transfers can enlarge the size of self-enforcing coalitions, and the external transfers are always preferred.