pNaSS-Grafted PCL Film-Guided rAAV TGF-β Gene Therapy Activates the Chondrogenic Activities in Human Bone Marrow Aspirates

Scaffold-guided viral gene therapy is a novel, powerful tool to enhance the processes of tissue repair in articular cartilage lesions by the delivery and overexpression of therapeutic genes in a noninvasive, controlled release manner based on a procedure that may protect the gene vehicles from undesirable host immune responses. In this study, we examined the potential of transferring a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector carrying a sequence for the highly chondroregenerative transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), using poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) films functionalized by the grafting of poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (pNaSS) in chondrogenically competent bone marrow aspirates as future targets for therapy in cartilage lesions. Effective overexpression of TGF-beta in the aspirates by rAAV was achieved upon delivery using pNaSS-grafted and ungrafted PCL films for up to 21 days (the longest time point evaluated), with superior levels using the grafted films, compared with respective conditions without vector coating. The production of rAAV-mediated TGF-beta by pNaSS-grafted and ungrafted PCL films significantly triggered the biological activities and chondrogenic processes in the samples (proteoglycan and type-II collagen deposition and cell proliferation), while containing premature mineralization and hypertrophy relative to the other conditions, with overall superior effects supported by the pNaSS-grafted films. These observations demonstrate the potential of PCL film-assisted rAAV TGF-beta gene transfer as a convenient, off-the-shelf technique to enhance the reparative potential of the bone marrow in patients in future approaches for improved cartilage repair.