A nanometer potential probe for the measurement of electrochemical potential of solution

We constructed a miniaturized potential probe from a gold electrode of nanometer size and a potentiometer with high input impedance and examined its performance for reading the electrochemical potential of solutions. Electrochemical potential of the solution was changed either by varying the ratio of a Fe(CN)(6)(3-) /Fe(CN)(6)(4-) redox couple in solution or by changing the inner potential of the solution through the electrode bias control. The response of a probe to these potential changes was measured. The probe impedance was estimated from the dynamic response to a step-function change in solution potential. The interfacial resistance of a probe increased with decrease in the probe size and the redox concentration, showing 10(10) to 10(12) Omega for the probes with a radius of 50-400 nm in 0.5-10 mM solutions. The interfacial resistance originated mostly from charge transfer reactions for such tiny probes. Owing to high interfacial resistance, the potential measured by a probe exhibited an overpotential as compared to the open circuit potential (ocp) of solution. It is demonstrated that the dynamic response offers a versatile means to characterize a nanometer potential probe and to calibrate the overpotential appearing in the potential measurement under the working condition. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.