Irreversibility of hybrid nanoparticles within a pipe fitted with turbulator

In the current investigation, a novel shape of twisted tape was employed to improve the performance of nanomaterial. Hybrid nanoparticles were dispersed into water, and turbulent flow was considered. Not only the thermal behavior but also the irreversibility should be considered in the design of heat exchanger. Outputs based on FVM simulation are presented in the form of correlations and contours. Increment in efficiency is at a price of higher pressure loss. Pressure drop augments with a reduction in pitch ratio, and such behavior makes S-gen,S-f to augment due to thinner velocity boundary layer. Augmenting the pitch ratio causes temperature gradient to reduce; therefore, S-gen,S-th increases.